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Cake day: October 4th, 2023

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  • NIF can’t really ever reach Q>1. All the statements of having reached that only include the energy that reaches the capsule. The energy the lasers actually use is orders of magnitude larger.

    This theoretical Q>1, where the plasma emits more radiation than it receives, have been reached by other reactors before.

    But while tokamak or stellerator designs need a 2-3× improvement to produce more energy than the entire system needs, the NIF would need a 100-1000× improvement to reach that point, which is wholly unrealistic with our current understanding of physics.


  • Most fusion attempts try to keep a continuous reaction ongoing.

    Tokamak reactors, like JET or ITER do this through a changing magnetic field, which would allow a reaction to keep going for minutes, the goal is somewhere around 10-30min.

    Stellerator reactors try to do the same through a closed loop, basically a Möbius band of plasma encircled by magnets. The stellerator topology of Wendelstein 7-X was used as VFX for the closed time loop in Endgame. This complex topology allows the reaction to continue forever. Wendelstein 7-X has managed to keep its reaction for half an hour already.

    The NIF is different. It doesn’t try to create a long, ongoing, controlled reaction. It tries to create a nuclear chain reaction for a tiny fraction of a millisecond. Basically a fusion bomb the size of a grain of rice.

    The “promise” is that if one were to just repeat this explosion again and again and again, you’d also have something that would almost continually produce energy.

    But so far, the NIF has primarily focused on getting as much data as possible about how the first millisecond of a fusion reaction proceeds. The different ways to trigger it, and how it affects the reaction.

    The US hasn’t done large scale nuclear testing in decades. Almost everything is now happening in simulations. But the first few milliseconds of the ignition are still impossible to accurately model in a computer. To build a more reliable and stronger bomb, one would need to test the initial part of a fusion reaction in the real world repeatedly.

    And that’s where the NIF comes in.


  • If you actually calculate the maximum speed at which information can travel before causing paradoxes, in some situations it could safely exceed c.

    For two observers who are not in motion relative to each other, information could be transmitted instantly, regardless of the distance, without causing a paradox.

    The faster the observers are traveling relatively to each other, the slower information would have to travel to avoid causing paradoxes.

    More interestingly, this maximum paradox-free speed correlates with the time and space dilation caused by the observers’ motion.

    From your own reference frame, another person is moving at a speed of v*c. The maximum speed at which you could send a message to that observer, without causing a paradox, looks something like c/sqrt(v) (very simplified).









  • First off, city streets are by law limited to 50km/h (30mph) in Germany unless the road is physically blocked off from pedestrian access and is designated a motorway. And even that speed is only allowed for major thoroughfares, most city streets are limited to 30km/h (18mph), and many cities are currently arguing for banning 50km/h on city streets entirely.

    Streets faster than that need to be physically separated, well-lit, need to have an additional lane or frequent additional locations to park broken down vehicles and need significant setbacks so you can see potential obstructions entering the road early enough to brake in time.

    So what I’m taking from this is that the road design where you live is dangerous and substandard.

    Now, to the personal appeal:

    I did take a defensive driving course before I even started driver’s ed, and it was actually the reason I decided not to get a car. Nowadays I do everything — including weekly grocery runs — by bicycle instead.

    The average speed in cities is 15-20km/h, primarily caused due to traffic jams and waiting times at stoplights. I can achieve or beat those speeds on a bicycle just as well, without the stakes being as high. If I make a mistake as a driver, it’s going to cost lives. If I make a mistake as a bicyclist, no one’s going to die. And considering the environmental footprint as well as the monetary costs in terms of road tax, fuel prices and maintenance, it’s definitely worth it.

    Even if sometimes, people try to kill me by overtaking me far too close while speeding.